9th Standard Notes
By VEERESHI P ARAKERI
ECONOMICS,
E-1, ECONOMIC STRUCTURE
I. Fill in the blanks
1) Structural/ positive change is related to ______ activity
2) Primitive economy mainly depended on ____________
3) In simple economy there will be____________ sectors.
4) The word static is derived from _________
5) The Industrial revolution happened in ______________
Ans: (1) economic; (2) agriculture; (3) household and manufacturing; (4) Greek word 'statika': (5) Britain.
II. Answer the following in a sentence each:
1. What is meant by structural/ positive change?
Ans: Each economic structure of every Economy is subjected to transformation continuously. The nature of employment, ratio of production, level of income, utilization of technology, changes in the life style of an economy is identified as Structural transformation.
2. State the features of primitive economy.
Ans: Primitive economy mainly depended on agriculture. People were mainly depended on agriculture for their livelihood. Barter system was there. Division of labour was not well organized and market was not there. In total people were leading simple life with limited wants.
3. How did capitalism emerge?
Ans: Industrial Revolution which happened in Britain during 17th and 18th century is spread to other parts of the world. This Revolution created capitalism. Feudal lords who were the owners of the land, tried to invest their capital to set up industries and came to be known as Capitalists.
2. What are the sources of Income?
Ans: In a simple economy, the source of income are available from two sectors, namely, household sector and manufacturing sector (firms). They create income with mutual exchange. The income for the government is by collecting taxes on both households and industrial units.
3. What are the source of Employment?
Ans: The sources of employment for the individuals is in the three sectors of economy - primary sector, secondary sector and tertiary sector that is in services.
6. What is meant by static and dynamic economics?
Ans: The word 'static' is derived from Greek word 'statika', which means 'stand still'. In economics it refers to a situation without any change. The static economy is timeless economy where there are no changes. Dynamic economics shows the study of change in the economy.
E-2, SECTORS OF INDIAN ECONOMY
I. Fill in the blanks with suitable words
1. _______________ is the main occupation of India.
2. Health and Education come under _______________ sector.
3. The total Geographical land of Karnataka is __________
4. SBM was established by __________ 1913.
5. Manufacturing activities are belongs to __________
6. The coastline area of Karnataka is __________
7. To expand higher education Karnataka government has established __________ commission.
8. New Economic Policy was introduced in __________
Ans: (1) Agriculture; (2) tertiary; (3) 191,791 sq. kms; (4) Secondary sector (5) Secondary Sector; (6) 320 kms; (7) Karnataka knowledge; (8) 1991
II. Answer the following questions.
1. Define primary sector.
Ans: The primary sector includes agriculture and its allied activities
like sericulture, Horticulture, Animal husbandry, poultry, Fishery, floriculture etc. which provide raw materials to agro based industries.
2. State the different sectors of Indian economy.
Ans: Based on the economic activities, the Indian economy has been classified into three sectors namely-(i) Primary Sector, (ii) Secondary Sector and (iii) Tertiary Sector.
3. Explain the importance of Industrial sector.
Ans: Industrial sector strengthens the economy as,
(i) it brings higher income to the nation.
(ii) it provides employment to the people.
(iii) it improves the standard of life of the people.
(iv) it helps to modernize the agriculture by providing modem machinery, tractors, fertilizers etc.
(v) it reduces the pressure on agriculture by as is distributing the population to towns and cities.
(vi) it helps to earn more foreign exchange.
(vii)industrial regions develop as centres of trade, education, transport, banking etc.
4. Which places of India are called as cradle of Banking?
Ans: Dakshina Kannada and Udupi are called the cradles of banking industry.
5. What is Education according to Gandhiji?
Ans: According to Gandhiji 'Education brings all round development in personality of the child'.
6. State the group of Industries.
Ans: The industries can be classified into three groups namely
(i) agro based industries,
(ii) Forest based industries and
(iii) Mineral based industries.
7. List the important Irrigation projects of Karnataka.
Ans: There are many major and minor irrigation projects in Karnataka. Some of them are -Ghataprabha, Malaprabha, Narayanapura, Alamatti dam, Tunga, Bhadra, Tungabhadra, Hemavathi, Harangi, Krishnaraja Sagar.
8. What is Health according W.H.O.?
Ans: According to World Health Organization, Health refers to the person, who is free from physical, mental, social and intellectual disorder.
E-3, MONEY AND CREDIT
I. Fill in the blanks.
1. Indian rupee is derived from _
2. Cheque is an instrument from _
3. The banks which deals with foreign currency are called as _____________
4. The Reserve Bank of India was established in the year _____________
5 The money of Japan is __________
6 Government of India nationalized 14 commercial Sanks In ______________
Ans: (1) Sanskrit word 'Rupya'; (2) bank; (3) Exchange bank; (4) April 1st 1935; (5) Yen; (6) 1969
II. Answer the following in a sentence each:
1. What is Barter exchange system?
Ans: In the primitive stage, men exchanged goods for goods without the use of money. This was called barter system. Barter was extremely difficult method of trade involving lot of time and energy.
2. State the means of Money?
Ans: Different means are used as money. Some of them are
(i) Commodity money - different commodities were regarded as commodity money at different economies.
to (ii) Metallic money - precious metals like gold, silver, bronze were used as metallic money.
(iii) Paper money - written documents issued by known financers as evidence. People became accustomed to bank notes as money.
(iv) Bank money - cheques, drafts, credit and debit cards etc.
3. Which is the central bank of India?
Ans: Reserve Bank of India is the Central bank of India.
4. Explain the functions of Money?
Ans: Functions of money are classified into
(i) Primary function: (a) Medium of exchange - Money is used to buy the goods and services. (b) Measure of value - Prices of all goods and services are expressed in terms of money.
(ii) Secondary function: (a) Standard of differed payments - money helps the future
payments too. (b) Store of value or store of purchasing power - money helps to save it for future as it is not perishable. (c) Transfer of value or transfer of purchasing power - The introduction of money has made the exchange of goods to distant places as well as abroad.
(iii) Contingent functions: (a) Basis of credit - Money forms the basis of credit. (b) Increase productivity of capital-Money in the form of capital is put to several uses.
5. Mention the different types of bank?
Ans: Types of Banks are- (i) Industrial bank, (ii) Exchange banks, (iii) Savings banks, (iv) Co-operative Banks and (v) Land Mortgage Banks.
6. Explain the functions of RBI?
Ans: Some of the functions of RBI are as follows:
(i) Monopoly of note issue - It has the monopoly of issuing currency notes of Rs 2 and above.
(ii) Acts as banker to government - The RBI accepts the deposits of Central and State governments.
(iii) Bankers bank - It controls all banks of the country.
(iv) Acts as National Clearing House - It acts as the clearing house for settlements of banking transactions economically
(v) Acts as the controller of credit - It controls or expands the credit creation of commercial banks, according to desired monetary situation in the economy.
(vi) It acts as the Custodian of foreign exchange reserves.
(vii) RBI collects statistics on economics and financial matters and publishes it periodically.
(i) The RBI institutionalizes savings through the promotion of banking habit and expansion of the banking system in unbanked areas.
(ii) It extends indirect financial facilities to agriculture regularly
CHAPTER 4
LABOUR AND EMPLOYMENT
I. Fill in the blanks:
1. The famous book of Adam Smith is -----
2. Abolition of bonded labour act was passed In the year _
3. When the marginal productivity of a labour is zero, it is known as ---
4. Division of labour increases -----
5. Abolition of child labour act was passed in the year ----
Ans: (1) The Wealth of Nations; (2)1976; (3) Disguised unemployment; (4) efficiency of labour (5) 1986.
II. Answer the following :
1. What is meant division of labour?
Ans: By division of labour we mean the allocation of different parts of the production process to different workers or to different groups of workers.
2. What is meant by child labour?
Ans: The children working below the age of 14 years to work is called child labour.
2. Define unemployment?
Ans: An unemployed is one who is willing to work at the prevailing market rate, but still does not get the work. In other words it is a situation where able people who are capable of working both physically and mentally at the existing wage rate do not get job opportunities.
4. Explain the advantages of division of labour?
Ans: The important advantages of the division of labour are
(i) Efficiency of labour - Labour increases the efficiency of labour
(ii) Quality of production - the increase in the efficiency of labour leads to an increase in the quantity of output as well as to improve the quality of the goods produced and services.
(iii) Profit - The increase in quantity and quality of output brings greater profit.
(iv) Average cost - Since division of labour increases the total output the average cost of producing a commodity falls, then consumers get goods at cheap rate.
(v) Research and development - it helps in research and innovation which leads to produce variety of new products.
5. List the disadvantages division of labour?
Ans: The important disadvantages of the division of labour are-
(i) Monotony of work: Since a worker has to do the same job time and again, therefore, after sometime, the worker feels bored.
(ii) Lack of responsibility: If the quality of the product is not up to the expected level, none can be held responsible.
(iii) Increased dependence: When the production is divided up in to a number of process and each part is performed by different workers, it may lead to dependence among workers.
(iv) Unemployment: When a specialized worker is removed from the job, he/she has to look for a job which is of the same type.
(v) Class conflict: Division of labour facilitates large scale production which helps the producers to earn huge profits. The producers thus become rich by paying fewer wage to the workers. This divides the society into rich and poor.
6. State the meaning of productive and unproductive labour?
Ans: Productive Labour: Productive Labour is that which creates some utility or which has undergone utility for earning an income. The anti social activities are not considered productive labour because they try to rob the wealth of others.
Reproductive labour: Reproductive labour is the works at domestic place, at house. It can also be called as domestic labour. It is unpaid work, performed by women in home.
7. List the types of unemployment?
Ans: Types of Unemployment: Unemployment can be divided into
(i) Rural unemployment. It can exist in two ways- a) disguised unemployment and seasonal unemployment.
(ii) Urban unemployment. It can exist in two ways –
1) Industrial unemployment and educated unemployment.
2) Other types of unemployment are: (a) frictional unemployment, (b) casual unemployment, (c) structural unemployment, (d) technical unemployment, (e) cyclical unemployment, (f) chronicle unemployment.
8. Identify the differences between disguised un-employment and seasonal unemployment?
Ans: Disguised unemployment is a situation with surplus manpower than actual requirement. The marginal productivity of some workers is zero. So even removal of these surplus employees will not affect the volume of total production. It is also called under employment. For example- suppose four persons are working in a family farm which is properly organized and if two more workers are employed on the same farm and if there is no change in output, we may say that these two workers are disguisedly unemployed.
Seasonal unemployment: Some occupations of agriculture and industries are seasonal in nature. They offer employment for only a certain period of time in a year. People engaged in such a type of work or activities may remain unemployed during the off season.