9th Standard Notes
By VEERESHI P ARAKERI
POLITICAL SCIENCE,
PS-1, OUR CONSTITUTION
L Fill in the blanks with suitable words:
1. The Law which governs the States is ______________
2. The meeting of new Constituent Assembly was held on ______________
3. __________ was the Chairman of the Constitution Drafting Committee.
4. Our Constitution provides for a ______________Government system.
5. The State where the people enjoy sovereign power is called ______________
6. Our Constitution provides for ______________citizenship for its citizens.
7. The Right for Constitutional Remedies has been incorporated in Article ______________
8. The Directive Principles of State Policy are borrowed from the _____ Constitution.
Ans: (1) Constitution, (2) 11th December, 1946 (3) Dr. B.R. Ambedkar, (4) democratic, (5) Sovereign Republic, (6) single, (7) 32, (8) Irish
II. Answer the following questions:
1. Who was the President of the New Constituent Assembly?
Ans: The President of the New Constituent Assembly was Dr. Rajendra Prasad.
2. When did the Constitution come into practice?
Ans: The Constitution came into practice from 26th January 1950.
3. What does the Preamble to the Constitution contain?
Ans: The Preamble to the Constitution contains the fundamental policies and ideals of the constitution. It is the sum of the structure, values, principles and goals of the constitution. It is based on the aspirations and ideals of the people of India.
4. What do you mean by 'Secularism'?
Ans: In India, the citizens have the liberty to practise any religion they desire. No religion has been given the status of a National religion. This is known as Secularism.
5. Explain the salient features of our Constitution.
Ans: Some of the salient features of our Constitution are as follows: Our Constitution
(a) is in written form. It is a lengthy Constitution with 24 chapters, 12 schedules and 450 Articles.
(b) is neither too flexible nor too rigid.
(c) provides for a Parliamentary form of Government. The sovereign power is vested in the elected Parliament.
(d) has declared India a republic. Therefore, 111) one can come to power through hereditary principle.
(c) provides for a Federal System of Government because our country consists of different languages, castes, races and geographical regions.
(f) has given Fundamental Rights to the people. No law of any government Central or State, or any organization can deny these rights. There are about six fundamental Rights.
(g) has defined fundamental duties. Fundamental duties have been delineated in 'A' the part of the 4th Chapter under clause 51 'A' of our Constitution,
(i) Directive Principles of State Policy have been incorporated in the 4th schedule of our Constitution. They are the basis for the establishment of social and economic equality.
(j) Our Judiciary is independent and centralized. The courts have the authority to give bold judgement in order to protect the rights of people.
(k) makes for single citizenship in order to curb narrow-minded provincialism, and promote nationalism.
(l) provides for adult franchise. All citizens above 18 years of age may exercise their right to vote.
(m) The Legislature that is -the Parliament consists of two Houses - the Lok Sabha and the Rajya Sabha. So our Parliament is called Bicameral.
(n) There is multi party system in India. The party which wins the majority of votes in the election becomes the Ruling party whereas the rest will be Opposition parties.
6. Which are the Fundamental Rights incorporated in our Constitution?
Ans:- The Fundamental Rights are listed in the 3rd part of the Constitution. There are six fundamental rights namely (1) Right to Liberty, (2) Right to Equality, (3) Right against Exploitation, (4) Right to Religion, (5) Right to Education and culture and (0) Right to Constitutional remedy.
7. Make a List the Fundamental Duties.
Ans: There are eleven fundamental duties. They are as follows:
(1) To respect the Constitution, National t1ag and National Anthem.
(2) To follow the noble ideals that inspired our National Struggle for freedom.
(3) To protect the integrity of India.
(4) To defend the motherland when called upon to do so
(5) To promote the spirit of common brotherhood amongst all the people of India.
(6) To preserve our rich heritage.
(7) To protect and improve the natural environment
(8) To develop the scientific temper and the spirit of enquiry.
(9) To safeguard public property and leave the violence.
(10) To strive towards excellence in all spheres of individual and collective activities.
(11) The father or the guardians should provide an opportunity for education to their children from the age of 6 to 18 years.
8. Which are the Directive Principles of State Policy?
Ans; The Directive Principles of State Policy are as follows:
(1) To provide adequate means of livelihood to all citizens.
(2) To prevent the community wealth and resources from becoming the private property of a few people.
(3) To provide equal pay for equal work to both men and women, and to protect labour welfare.
(4) To provide public assistance to those who are old, sick. weak or helpless.
(5) To implement a Uniform Civil Code throughout the country.
(6) To provide opportunities for healthy development and preschool education of all children below 6 years.
(7) To protect histoncal monuments and main tall places of historical interest.
(8) To separate the Executive and the Judiciary.
(9) To protect international peace and respect international law.
(10) To establish Gram Panchayats.
(11) To encourage rural and cottage industries.
(12) To organize and develop agriculture and animal husbandry on modem lines.
(13) To ensure prohibition of liquor.
(14) To ensure development of farming based on scientific methods.
PS-2, THE UNION GOVERNMENT
I. Fill in the blanks with suitable words:
1. India is a Union of __________
2. The Union Legislature is called _________
3. The Chairman of the Rajya Sabha is the _________
4. One has to complete ________ years to become a member of the Lok Sabha.
5. The Commander-in-Chief of the three Armed Forces is the _________
6. The process for electing the President is explained under Articles _________and _________ of the Constitution.
7 _________ nominates the Chairman of the Union Public Service Commission.
8. The Supreme Court came into existence on _________
Ans: (1) States, (2) Parliment, (3) Vice President, (4) 25 years, (5) President, (6) 54, 55 , (7) President, (8) 28th Jan 1950.
II. Answer the following questions:
1. Name the two Houses of the Parliament.
Ans: The two houses of the Parliament are 1) Lower House or the Lok Sabha, 2) Upper House or the Rajya Sabha.
2. Explain the composition of the Rajya Sabha.
Ans: The Rajya Sabha or the Upper House is a permanent body and is not dissolved like Loka Sabha. It consists of 250 members. 238 members are elected by the members of the State Assemblies and Union Territories. The remaining] 2 members, who are experts from various fields like literature, art, science and social work, are nominated by the President. This House is also known as the House of Elders. The term of the members is six years. The Vice President is the Chairman and the Deputy Speaker is chosen from among the members.
4. What are the qualifications needed to become a member of the Lok Sabha?
Ans: The qualifications needed to become a member of the Lok Sabha are as follows:
He/She (1) should be a citizen of India.
(2) must not be less than 25 years.
(3) should not hold any office of profit under the Government.
(4) should not be a person of unsound mind.
(5) should not have been punished under law.
(6) should possess qualifications as specified by Parliament from time to time.
4. Explain the election process for the post of President.
Ans: The President is elected by an electoral college of elected members of both Houses of Parliament, all elected members of the legislative assemblies of all States, New Delhi and Pondicherry. The Supreme Court judge administers him his oath of office. His term of office is five years. He is eligible for re election. When he goes against the Constitution, he can be removed from office by the Parliament through a Motion of Impeachment.
5. List •the powers of the Prime Minister.
Ans: The powers of the Prime Minister can be listed as mentioned below:
(1) Appointment and removal of Ministers, and allocation of Departments.
(2) He is the Head of Government and
(3) He is head of Union Cabinet.
6. Explain the composition of the Union Cabinet and its responsibilities.
Ans: Composition: The Union Cabinet is the real Executive and has Ministers in two hierarehies. The first one is the cabinet level and the second is the Minister of State. The maximum strength of the Union Cabinet is 15 of the total strength of the parliament Responsibilities: The Cabinet has two kinds of responsibilities. The Minister of eve I)' department IS responsible for the administration of his department. He has individual responsibility for the success or failure of his department. The Union Cabinet has collective responsibility to the Parliament
with regard to the decisions and policies taken by it. Therefore, the cabinet can be in power only as long as it enjoys the trust of the Parliament. When it loses the trust, it has to be removed by a No-Confidence Motion.
7. How are the judges of the Supreme Court nominated and what are their qualifications?
Ans: The President nominates the Chief Justice and the other judges
of the Supreme Court. The qualifications of the Supreme Court judge are - he
(1) should be a citizen of India.
(2) should have served as a High Court for at least five years, or should have been an advocate of the High Court for at least ten years.
(3) should be a distinguished jurist.
8. What are the functions of the High Court?
Ans: The functions of the High Court are as follows:
(1) It takes up civil and criminal disputes, marital relationships, contempt of court etc.
(2) It admits appeals in civil and criminal cases from the subordinate courts.
(3) It directs transfer of cases from the lower courts to the High Court, to supervise the working of the subordinate courts, to admit writ petitions to safeguard the Fundamental Rights and other legal rights of citizens.
PS-3, THE STATE GOVERNMENT
I. Fill in the blanks with suitable words:
1. The Union of India comprises States and _________ Union Territories.
2. The _________ nominates one Anglo-Indian to the State Legislative Assembly.
3. The Karnataka Legislative Council comprises _________ members.
4. The State Cabinet, comprising the _________ and the _________ is the real Executive.
5. The Governor is nominated by the _________
6. The State Advocate General is nominated by the _________
7. Criminal courts came into existence on _________
8. The lowest land tax court is the _________
Ans: (1) 28, 7; (2) Governor; (3) 75; (4) Council of Ministers, Chief Minister; (5) President; (6) Governor; (7) 1st April 1974; (8) Tahsildar Court.
II. Answer the following questions with group discussion:
1. Explain the structure of the Legislative Assembly.
Ans: The strength of the Legislative Assembly or Vidhana Sabha depends on the population of the State. The maximum number of seat of any Vidhana Sabha should not exceed 500 or be below 60. However, the number of seats in small States is less. The Speaker and the Deputy Speaker are elected from among
the elected Members of the Assembly. The members of the Assembly are elected for a term of 5 years. However, the assembly may be dissolved before the expiry of the full term on the recommendation of the Cabinet. At that time, the State will be under President's rule.
2. Which fields are represented by the members of the Legislative Council?
Ans: The members of the Legislative Council/represent five fields. Some are elected from among the Members of the Legislative assembly, Local Bodies, Graduates' Constituencies, and Teacher's Constituencies. The Governor nominates some Members who are experts in the field 0r art, literature, education, social service, science members who have completed their term retire.
3. What are the qualifications, and the term of office of the Governor.
Ans: The qualifications of the office of the Governor are as follows
(l) Should be a citizen of India
(2) Should not be less than 35 years of age.
(3) Should not hold any office of profit under the Government.
(4) should not be a Member of either Parliament or State Legislature. If he is a Member of either, he should resign from that post when he is appointed as the Governor. The term of the office of the Govt. is 5 years.
4. Write a short note on the Chief Minister.
Ans: The Chief Minister is the Head of the State Government. Success or failure of the State government depends on his personal charm. He is the repository of all the power of the State. He is the Head of the Council of Ministers, the Legislature, and the leader of the majority party in the government. The Chief Minister should be a member of any one of the two Houses. Even those who are not Members of either House can become the Chief Minister. However, he has
to become the Member of anyone House within 6 months.
5. Which are the subordinate courts under the Civil Courts?
Ans: The subordinate courts under the Civil Court are-
(1) Court of Subordinate judges (2) Court of additional Subordinate judges, (3) Court of Munsiffs, (4) Court of additional Munsiffs.
5. What was the purpose of establishing LokAdalats? When did they come into existence?
Ans: In India, the legal procedure IS time-consuming and expensive too. As an alternative, the Government has set up other forms of legal institutions which function faster and are less expensive. These came into existence in 1985. One of them is Lok Adalat. It takes up cases from parties which mutually agree to settle the cases amicably. Cases which have not yet been disposed off by the other courts or the High Court can be settled by the Lokadalat.
PS-4, DEFENCE OF THE NATION
I. Fill in the blanks with suitable words:
1. The main objective of our defence policy is protecting _________
2. The Commander-in-Chief of our three Armed Forces IS _________
3. The Chief of the Army is called _________
4. The headquarters of the Defence Ministry is _________
5. The Hindustan Ship-building yard is at _________
6. The warship inducted into the Navy in 2012 is known as_________
7. Rocket was launched into space on 19th April 2012_________
8. The Indian Red Cross Society established in _________.
Ans: 1) The sovereignty 2) President, 3) General, 4) Delhi, 5) Vishakhapatnam, 6) INS Vibhuti, (7) Agni5, 8)1920.
II. Answer the following questions with group discussion
1. What is the Naval Base near Karwar known as?
Ans: The Naval Base near Karwar known as Sea bird.
2. Which are the four divisions of our Defence Ministry?
Ans: The four divisions of our Defence Ministry are as follows - (1) Defence Section (2) Defence production Section, (3) Defence Researeh and Development Section and (4) Retired Defence Personal Welfare Section.
3. Explain the structure of the Indian Army.
Ans: The headquarters of the India Army is in Delhi. Its head is known as the Commander-in-Chief. He has a Deputy Commander-in-Chief. General, Major General, Brigadier, Military Secretary and a Military Engineer to assist him in his work. The army consists of Infantry, Cavalry, Tank Regiment called the Armed Corps and the Gunners' Regiment. There is a Supply and engineering branch too. The Army has been divided into seven commands for administrative convenience. Each command is under the charge of a general officer (commander- in-chief) of the rank of a Lt. General.
4. Which are the Commands of the Army?
Ans: There are seven Commands of the Army. They are –
(i) Western Command at Chandimandir in Chandigarh
(ii) Eastern Command at Kolkata in West Bengal
(iii) Northern Command at Udhampur in Kashmir.
(iv) Southern Command at Pune in Maharashtra.
(v) Central Command at Lucknow In Uttar Pradesh
(vi) Training Command at Mhow in Madhya Pradesh.
(vii) North-Western Command at Jaipur in Rajasthan.
5. Explain the functions of the Indian Air Force.
Ans: The Indian Air Force works very effectively and courageously both during war times and peace times. It has succeeded in ensuring safety, security and stability. The headquarters of the Air Force is in New Delhi. It is organized into five Operational Commands and two Functional Commands.
6. What are the qualifications required for recruitment to the Army?
Ans: Those who desire to work in the Armed forces
• should be service-oriented, patriotic,
• and ready to sacrifice their lives for the sake of the country and also be familiar with the multi-cultural fabric of the nation.
• Any citizen of the country irrespective of his religion, caste, class or community can join the military.
• However there are certain conditions with regard to physical requirements, mental health, general education and technical knowledge that have to be met.
• When recruitments are made to the lower posts of the army, they are made according to the percentage of recruitable male population (RMP) of the State and the Union Territories.
• Recruitment of women to the three armed forces takes place through the Women Special Entry Scheme (WSES)
7. What are the aims of N.C.C.? What are it s advantages?
Ans: The aims of National Cadet Corps are to develop among the students a sense of discipline, leadership qualities, friendliness and service-mindedness. It is a body of disciplined and trained youth force which comes to the rescue of the nation during emergencies. The cadets are given various concessions. Some of them are as follows:
(i) Those who have received N.C.C. training can join the armed forces easily.
(ii) Cadets who have earned distinction during training are given seats in professional college.
(iii) Cadets are given training in handling weapons.
(iv) During training, cadets go on adventures like hiking, trekking, gliding, scaling or mountaineering, sailing etc.
(v) Students who have received N.C.C. training can secure admission in any defence school.
8. Explain the organization of the Indian Red Cross Society.
Ans: The Indian Red Cross Society is a humanitarian voluntary organization and has nearly 700 branches as State and Union Territories. Its headquarters are in Delhi. The Indian President is its Chairman. A Secretary General is its Administrative Officer. It has an administrative body consisting of 19 members and a Secretary. The President nominates 6 members whereas the remaining 12 members are elected from the State and Union Territories. The Red Cross society renders valuable service to people during natural calamities and other emergencies.
PS-5, NATIONAL INTEGRATION
I. Fill in the blanks with suitable words:
1. India is a secular country and so does not oppose any .
2. Communalism is a major obstacle to .
3. Republic Day is a festival.
4. India is to many languages.
5. The National Flag is one emblem.
6. Our national animal is _________
ANS: (1) religion, (2) national integration, (3) national, (4) home, (5) national (6) Tiger
II. Answer the following questions with group discussions:
1. What is meant by 'nationalism'?
Ans: The Indian states which became one under the British rule function today under the same common Constitution, uniform law, similar educational system, uniform judicial system and a strong Central Government. All these are the features of nationalism.
2. What do you mean by ‘National Integration’?
Ans: National Integration refers to that situation where all the people of that country feel they are one although there are differences with regard to race, religion, culture and language. Such a feeling of unity among the people is necessary to build a strong nation.
3. Which are the factors that lead to unity in diversity?
Ans: The factors that lead to unity in diversity are geographical unity, political unity, religious unity, linguistic unity, cultural unity. Thus amidst diversity there is unity among Indians. The feeling of 'We are all one' is deep-rooted in the mind of every Indian.
4. Which are the factors promoting to national integration?
Ans: The factors promoting national integration are Secularism, Democracy, national festivals, national symbols and Interdependence of the Central Government and State Government on one another.
5. What are the suggestions (problems) hindering the National integration?
Ans: Some of the suggestions (problems) hindering the National integration are as follows:
(i) When people belonging to different castes and religion form their own associations and indulge in activities which encourage their castes and religion, national integration is threatened.
(ii) The variety of languages in India is leading to linguistic obsession and parochialism.
(iii) The presence of innumerable castes and caste-based associations is leading to communalism.
(iv) Border disputes, river water disputes and language disputes between states are also problematic factors for national integration.
(v) The other actors like terrorism, untouchability, lack of political will, negligence of people are also obstacles to national integration.